Saturday, June 9, 2012

Adakah Murid Kini Masih Lagi DiSuap ?


Berdasarkan statistik permohonan bagi mendapatkan jawapan (Soalan-Soalan Berdasarkan Subtopik), hanya 8% permohonan daripada murid-murid ICT. Saya bertanya sendirian sama ada dengan teknologi dan dengan gaya pembelajaran dan pengajaran masa kini, masih memerlukan murid-murid di berikan segala-galanya oleh guru. Saya tidak mahu memberikan contoh yang lain kerana murid-murid saya sendiri kebanyakkannya masih memerlukan bantuan daripada guru dalam pembelajaran mereka. Ini termasuklah nota-nota dan soalan tambahan. Adalah amat malang bagi guru (termasuklah saya...) kerana dengan kurikulum baru dengan ketiadaan peperiksaan seperti upsr dan pmr yang mana murid-murid perlu membuat kerja kursus, projek dan sebagainya. Malang kerana jika sesuatu tidak dilakukan dengan segera mulai sekarang, maka guru akan terbeban dengan segala macam kerja seperti mencari bahan, jawapan dan akhirnya boleh dikatakan kerja kursus itu sebenarnya dilakukan oleh guru !! Apakah faktor penyebab mengapa perkara ini berlaku ?? Saya cuba senaraikan dan jika ada bangkangan, tambahan dan sebagainya silalah komen...
1. Guru tidak percaya murid-murid dapat mencari bahan dengan betul..
2. Guru tidak mengajar murid-murid cara mencari bahan dengan betul.
3. Guru tidak tahu bagaimana mengajar murid-murid mencari bahan pembelajaran.
4. Murid-murid tidak digalakkan mencari bahan pembelajaran.
5. Guru dapat menjimatkan masa dengan terus memberi bahan-bahan pembelajaran.
6. Murid-murid tidak kemahiran menggunakan ICT.(persekitaran)
7. Murid-murid sukar untuk mencari bahan menggunakan ICT.
8. Murid-murid lemah dan memang perlu terus diberi bahan pembelajaran
9. Tiada sistem pemantauan yang berkesan oleh guru.
10.Guru terbeban dengan kerja lain yang lebih penting
11.Cara sekarang yang mudah dan berkesan
..
Bagaimana pendapat guru yang lain... Saya tidak tahu keadaannya di bandar-bandar kerana saya tidak pernah mengajar dibandar dan mungkin juga kerana saya tidak mahu mengajar di bandar...Maksud saya dari segi murid-murid dan persekitaran mereka... Atau juga sekolah mereka... Sikap murid-murid yang bersekolah lelaki sahaja dengan murid-murid yang bersekolah perempuan sahaja mempunyai kelainannya tersendiri.. begitu juga dengan murid-murid berasrama penuh dan bermacam jenis sekolah yang lain..

Jika kita lihat dari sudut-sudut tersebut yang pelbagai rencam...MAKA sebagai guru boleh kita katakan...
1. Tidak perlu memikirkan perkara tersebut kerana tidak kena mengena..
2. Membuang masa memikirkan masalah ini kerana masalah lain banyak yang kena difikirkan.
3. Ikut cara sendiri, sekarang pun tidak ada masalah...murid-murid berjaya juga...
4. Biar orang lain yang buat kajian...

****Sebab itu ramai pelajar apabila berada diinstitut pengajian tinggi, kolej dan sebagainya menghadapi masalah mencari bahan pembelajaran semasa awal pengajian kerana telah biasa diSUAP oleh guru.... 

info from rmmict

CHAPTER FIVE - PROGRAMMING

CHAPTER FIVE - PROGRAMMING
5.1.1.1 State the definition of program.
A computer program is a series of organised instructions that directs a computer to perform tasks. Without programs, computers are useless.

5.1.1.2 State the definition of programming language.
A programming language is a set of words, symbols and codes that enables humans to communicate with computers. It is a language used for writing computer programs, that direct a computer to perform computation and to organise the flow of control between mechanical devices.

5.1.2.1 Identify the generations of low-level programming languages with examples.
A low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from computer’s microprocessor.

FIRST GENERATION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
The first generation of programming language, or 1GL, is machine language. Machine language is a set of instructions and data that a computer's central processing unit can execute directly. Machine language statements are written in binary code, and each statement corresponds to one machine action.

SECOND GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
The second generation programming language, or 2GL, is assembly language. Assembly language is the human-readable notation for the machine language used to control specific computer operations. An assembly language programmer writes instructions using symbolic instruction codes that are meaningful abbreviations or mnemonics. An assembler is a program that translates assembly language into machine language. Since assembly language consist of human-readable abbreviations, the assembler must first convert assembly language into machine-readable language before the computer can readily understand its instructions.

5.1.2.2 Identify the generations of high-level programming languages with examples.

A high-level programming language is a programming language that is more abstract, easier to use, and more portable across platforms.

THIRD GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
The third generation of programming language, 3GL, or procedural language uses a series of English-like words, that are closer to human language, to write instructions.

High-level programming languages make complex programming simpler and easier to read, write and maintain.Programs written in a high-level programming language must be translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter.

PASCAL, FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, C and C++ are examples of third generation programming languages.

FOURTH GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
The fourth generation programming language or non-procedural language, often abbreviated as 4GL, enables users to access data in a database.

CHAPTER FIVE - PROGRAMMING
A very high-level programming language is often referred to as goal-oriented programming language because it is usually limited to a very specific application and it might use syntax that is never used in other programming languages.

SQL, NOMAD and FOCUS are examples of fourth generation programming languages.

FIFTH GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
The fifth generation programming language or visual programming language, is also known as natural language. Provides a visual or graphical interface, called a visual programming environment, for creating source codes.

Fifth generation programming allows people to interact with computers without needing any specialised knowledge. People can talk to computers and the voice recognition systems can convert spoken sounds into written words, but these systems do not understand what they are writing; they simply take dictation.

Prolog and Mercury are the best known fifth-generation languages.

5.1.3.1 Define structured approach in programming.

STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING EDUCATION

Structured programming often uses a top-down design model where developers map out the overall program structure into separate subsections from top to bottom.

In the top-down design model, programs are drawn as rectangles. A top-down design means that the whole program is broken down into smaller sections that are known as modules. A program may have a module or several modules.

Structured programming is beneficial for organising and coding computer programs which employ a hierarchy of modules. This means that control is passed downwards only through the hierarchy.

Examples of structured programming languages include Ada, Pascal and Fortran.

5.1.3.2 Define object-oriented approach in programming.
The object-oriented approach refers to a special type of programming approach that combines data with functions to create objects. In an object-oriented program, the object have relationships with one another. One of the earliest OOP languages is Smalltalk. Java, Visual Basic and C++ are examples of popular OOP languages.

5.1.3.3 Differentiate between structured approach and object-oriented approach in programming.  Structured programming often uses a top-down design model. The object-oriented programming approach uses objects.

5.1.4.1 Describe the translation method of programming using assembler, interpreter and compiler.
ASSEMBLER
An assembler is a computer program for translating assembly language — essentially, a mnemonic representation of machine language — into machine language.

For example in intel 80836, the assembly language for the ’no operation’ command is NOP and its machine code representation is 10010000. Example of assemblers are MACRO-80 Assembler and Microsoft MASM.


INTERPRETER
Interpreter is used to interpret and execute program directly from its source without compiling it first. The source code of an interpreted language is interpreted and executed in real time when the user execute it.

The interpreter will read each codes converts it to machine code and executes it line by line until the end of the program. Examples of interpreter-based language are BASIC, Logo and Smalltalk.

COMPILER
The source code (in text format) will be converted into machine code which is a file consisting of binary machine code that can be executed on a computer. If the compiler encounters any errors, it records them in the program-listing file.

When a user wants to run the program, the object program is loaded into the memory of the computer and the program instructions begin executing. A compiled code generally runs faster than programs based on interpreted language. Several programming languages like C++, Pascal and COBOL used compilers as their translators.

5.1.5.1 Differentiate between constants and variables.
Constants Variables
Characteristics

Value is not changeable during the course of the program.

Value can be changed anytime during the course of the program.

Usage

Use constant when you want to declare someting that won’t be changed midway in your program execution.

Use variable to store data that may or will change during the running of the program.

5.1.5.2 Differentiate between the data types: Boolean, integer, double, string and date.
Integer
Integer data type contains any whole number value that does not have any fractional part.

Double
Any number value that may and could contain a fractional part.

String
Any value that contains a sequence of characters.

Boolean
Boolean type consists either a True or False value. Programmers usually use it to store status.

Based on that, the programmer will design a flow chart that represents the needs of the client